IP NOTES 9/20

Definition and components of a state
LO STATO vs RES PUBLICA

def. 1 of State- political association or order

def. 2 of State- government apparatus
-contains dept of war, finance, foreign ministry, and interior ministry, as well as others

def. 3 of State- govt apparatus + territory + the people within = COUNTRY
modern state has BORDERS, this was not always so

def. 4 of State- a polity which is recognized as sovereign by other states
-sovereign both INSIDE and OUTSIDE
-inside- population recognizes it as a state
-outside- unit is AUTONOMOUS

def. 5 of State- has the "monopoly of violence" inside the state
-a state is a system of 'arms control'
-the armed people are SUBORDINATE to the arms of the state

def. 6 of State- hierarchical authority (or hier-state)
-state on top, people on bottom, like a pyramid

def. 7 of State- state + legitimacy
-state is a human community that claims the LEGITIMATE monopoly on violence
-different from #5- is LEGITIMATE
-people have to approve
-state protects the people
-gives a sense of national identity
-accountable to the people (root of legitimacy) (this is basically a liberal view, not realist)

def. 8 of State- state = nation + state
-nation is a people or group of people who think they have something in common
-state is an authoritarian structure
-NATION-STATES are the dominant form of construction of government and hierarchy today

Feudal-Medieval System
450-1000-> dark ages
1000-1500-> medieval ages
Military Format
Reasons that this comes about-
-dominance of cavalry over infantry
-because of invention of stirrup
-allowed horse to become a shock weapon
-from this, knights evolved
-castles then evolved
-annihilates siege warfare
structure of system
-bottom- serfs (people bonded to the land)
-middle- feudal lords
-high- kings
-highest- holy roman emperor
-transcendent- pope
center of gravity here is at the middle (with the lords)
-while all report to the pope, the lords had most actual power
-this means that there are ~1000 political units
-political units are NOT territorially contiguous (could own serfs from all over the place, overlaps)
-there is NO sovereignty
Security outcomes-
-serfs were repressed, opressed
-people are poor
-very little commerce, also huge amounts of political units, not enough wealth to go around
-very insecure
-endemic warfare
-even though there was a code of chivalry and a catholic code of conduct

Political System
Political states come about because of GUNPOWDER
reasons:
-dominance of knights disappears
-infantry > knights
-cannons are developed as well
-cannon > castles
-money, technology, organization > land, skill
this shifts center of gravity to the KINGS, rather than lords
-serfs become subjects or citizens of KINGS rather than lords
-this builds states
-happens all over europe
-lords are marginalized, as is the HRE and pope
-# of political units decreases tremendously
-state-building is this

Security Outcomes
economic revolution happens
-size of political unit ^^, order ^^, wealth, towns ^^
-leads to huge improvements in commerce
this is c.1648
-settlement of 30 years war (peace of westphalia)
-westphalia is among the KINGS, not feudal lords
-one of key points of westphalia is a primitive separation of religion and politics

Gunpowder Revolution
Military Revolution
China, Russia, Near East, India- Mings, romanovs, ottomans, mongols
in europe, there's also an attempt to consolidate into a single political power
-by hapsburgs, bourbons
-this doesnt work
-everywhere else, this works perfectly
-NOT EUROPE
-the universal monarchies of europe (rome, greece) just doesnt work again in europe
-in europe there was a 'republic'- a PLURAL POLITICAL ORDER
-WHY?
-topographical fragmentation
-everywhere else, military power goes all over the place very easily
-in europe, rivers, english channel, mountains, etc PREVENT movement of power

State-Building
Between 1500-1900, europeans basically establish a global hegemony
why?
-in europe, there is competition (both militarily and economically) between states
-competition builds technological and organizational dynamism
-dynamism beats stagnation any day
-there's no internal competition in other universal monarchies
-no market capitalism in other monarchies

Sovereignty & Westphalian System
dakl
European Anomoly
dkd
European Global Supremacy
dkd
The Liberal Anomoly
Continental Autocratic vs Maritime Liberal
dominant system- autocratic, authoritatian
however- in europe, britain and holland are different (mostly britain, though)
-in britain, liberalism wins out
-1688- glorious revolution, commoners win
-parliament > king
-why doesnt this usually work?
-armies are usually the instrument of monarchical power
-britain DOESNT HAVE an army, it has a NAVY
-navies CANNOT BE BROUGHT TO BEAR against the commoners
-king loses
-britain is protected by geographic isolation from the rest of britain

State-system & Capitalism
Capitalism is extremely rare in the world
-most of the time, kings, rulers, just take what they need
-in europe, this is different
-lots of water, whole lots of trade
-capital flight-> capital can run away from autocrats taking their stuff
-capital can run away to merchant-run holland and britain
-capital and trade build up HUGELY in these two countries

The irony of state strength
Which states will be strong?
-in one sense, autocrats are strong
-in this sense- liberal states are weak (rulers have very little power)
-in another sense, liberal states are EXTREMELY strong
-1680-1815- britain and france go to war 7 times
-britain wins 6 of 7 times (only time they lose is in American Revolution)
-how do they win?
-they can MOBILIZE FORCE more effectively
-they can purchase armies, fleets, because the kingdom has money
-in france, if you loan the king money you dont get it back
-in england, if you loan the govt money YOU GET IT BACK WITH INTEREST
-england establishes a bank, can take out loans
-has HUGE liquid capital!
-this works because the people realizes that they're just loaning themselves money
-this works out very well