IP BULLSHIT

Security Dilemma
-neoR idea that war will occur more frequently in int'l anarchy
-arms race
-defensive armaments are seen as offensive, so other states get all pissy and build up their own arms

the 'stag hunt'
-rousseau
-used the story to explain cheating and lack of cooperation in groups
-people could cooperate and get the stag, or cheat, go off on their own and get the rabbit, so he benefits by himself while the group suffers
-realist argument

anarchy (2 senses)
-state of nature vs state of war
-SoN- individual is the actor
-SoW- state is the actor
-SoW is necessitated by increasing VI

Absolute vs Relative gains
-relative gains and losses are much more important than absolute gains
-states look to maximize relative gains, even at the expense of absolute gains

to balance vs to bandwagon
-balance- try to preserve balance of power, smaller states flock to states that havent relative gained
-bandwagon- join the state that's relative gained

bipolar vs mulitpolar
-bipolarity- two superpowers and satellite states that flock one way or the other
-miscalculations are less likely because there are only two of them, less war-prone, even if a few satellites flock one way or the other
-multipolarity- more than two superpowers and more important satellite states
-miscalculations occur more often, as it's harder to keep track of actors, satellites matter more

socialization
-states over time learn what works and doesn't work with respect to security, aggression doesn't work

emulation
-over time, states copy what works from other states

appeasement
-a method of reducing commitments when you're overextended, rather than war
-NAZIS NAZIS NAZIS

"peripheral strategy"
-strategy used by GB to maintain balance of power- five steps
-countering a rising hegemon
1) achieve naval dominance
2) move into a mode of blockade, isolates the rising hegemon
3) fund allies
4) usurp colonies of other states
5) invade extremeties

internal vs external balancing
-internal- jacking up arms supply
-external- allies

buckpassing
-state trying to get a free ride off of other states, hoping someone else will do it

Peace of Westphalia
-1648
-marked the end of the 30 years war
-crystallized theory of separation of church and state
-also crystallized european state system
-three main theories
-non-intervention in internal state affairs
-national sovereignty
-legal equality among states
-come together to create sovereignty

Concert of Europe
-period of time- 1815-1914
-states cooperate with eachother
-3 main features
-balancing declines
-consultation congresses
-3rd party mediators
-4 reasons why
-negative memory of war
-great states were status quo powers
-monarchs were afraid of revolution, so they avoided war
-europe was an isolated state system, so they tended away from war

sovereignty (two faces)
-internal- people recognize that the state is sovereign, there is a final authority (legit monopoly on violence)
-external- other states recognize this legitimacy

Grotian (ideal type)
-model of international society arising from the english school (specifically hedley bull)
-in the presence of anarchy, there are nonetheless forms of society
-soft realist theory, stresses importance of balance where states are self-interested but still have morality and restraint
-states i guess are governed by society and norms

treaty vs contract
-treaty is made by ONLY SOVEREIGNS
-contracts are between just people

diplomacy
-establishment of permanent dialogue between countries
-embassadors and embassies are expressions of this
-diplomatic immunity ties into this

collective security
-the notion that all states work together to ensure int'l peace and security
-breach of peace by an aggressor becomes attack on all
-lookee here, nato
-based on the idea that states surrender their self-interests for the collective state interest
-problems- defection and freeriding (buckpassing)

the law of nations (1758)
-written by Emmerich de Vattel
-his shit was used to show wars can be justified
-'velvet glove over the iron fist'
-iron fist is total control, absolute power
-velvet glove is making shit softer

Emmerich de Vatell
-wrote the shit above

sovereign immunity
-criminal/civil laws do not apply to the agent of action for the sovereign
-for instance, soldiers aren't liable for murder when they kill shit, the country is

diplomatic immunity
-the diplomat isn't governed by the laws of the nation in which he's stationed
-can be deported

extradition
-send them back to the place where they committed the crime

extraterritoriality
-best example: an embassy
-US embassies abroad are considered US soil, with all the applicable protections

UN Security Council
-five permanent veto powers
-us, uk, russia, china, france
-the WWII winners
-ten temporary seats that rotate among the rest of the world
-all resolutions passed here are binding
-this means that the UN is essentially useless
-except gulf war and korean war

ICJ
-international court of justice
-powers severely limited because trials can only occur with consent of both powers

proportionality
-element of the rules of war
-responses to actions of an aggressor must be proportional to their actions

Nuremburg and Tokyo war crimes tribunals
-all tribunals
-element of the 'new order'
-established by US, UK, USSR
-became necessary to enforce international norms and laws
-nuremburg- trial of nazi officers
-tokyo- trial of jap officers

treaty of Rome (1998)
-established international criminal court
-meant to act as a war crimes tribunal
-heavily backed by US under clinton, rescinded under Bush
-clinton established that the ICC was ok ONLY IF the home country doesnt try him first

types of facts
-3 types
1) brute facts
-shit that is objective- mountains
2) subjective facts
3rd type of fact-
-social facts
-fact that exists solely because of intersubjective understanding
-essentially rules

regulative vs constituative rules
-regulative- exist to protect people, to regulate action
-constitutative- create things. baseball doesn't exist except for the rules
-according to constructivists- sovereignty is constitutative

'norms of appropriate behavior'
-beliefs that largely govern how people act
-certain actions are believed to be right while others wrong
-concept is crucial for international law, determines whats right and whats wrong, whats enforceable or not
-another constructivist theory
-norms change over time

'three cultures of anarchy'
-defined by Wendt
-Hobbesian
-Lockean
-Kantian
-Hobbesian- states see eachother as enemies
-Lockean- states see eachother as rivals
-Kantian- states see eachother as friends
-corresponds to level of VI in society

First Iron Law of Polis Republicanism
-smallness
-states have to be of a certain size to self-govern effectively
-leads to military vulnerability
-this means that they essentially have to militarize massively just to survive
-fear of commerce and wealth
-because illiberal, militaristic states are necessary
-fear of socioeconomic stratification

Second Iron Law of Polis Republicanism
-expansion
-when you expand, there's less fear of commerce
-leads to increased wealth
-leads to socioeconomic stratification
-army gets massive
-harder for individual citizens to be soldiers, because you need special training
-leads to specialization, heirarchy
-monarchy! yay!

virtu ex machina
-early modern polities invest in new technology
-technology is more important than just straight military virtue
-allows for states to move away from straight militarism and start on the road to capital

Raw vs channeled balancing
-relates to balance of power in the philadelphian system vs westphalian system
-raw- anarchy- balance however possible (war)
-channeled- negarchy- balance through established methods (i.e. supreme court)

state-system vs state-union
-state-system- westphalian- states fight
-state-union- philadelphian- states work together, cobinding
-cobinding to preserve a republican system

balancing vs co-binding
-balancing- states are restrained by war with other states, non-peaceful mechanisms- more likely in a hierarchy
-cobinding- states are restrained by their alliances with other states- more likely in a republic

republican negarchy
-a method of avoiding both poles of anarchy and hierarchy through mutual restraint
-a structure where neither the state nor the individual have total control

engaged vs recessed sovereign
-if the state is engaged, you have realstate- realist formation
-if the state is recessed, you have constitutional monarchy, where the people are in power, because there are limitations on state action

'overthrow' and 'throwover'
-overthrow- change in internal government (monarchy to democracy)
-throwover- modification in internal government (amend the constitution)

SPIRIT OF THE LAWS (1748)
-written by montesque
-suggests three branches of government
-forms the basis for political liberalism
-republican-democratic government
-necessitates division of powers- legislative, judicial, executive

PERPETUAL PEACE (1793)
-written by immanuel Kant
-based on paine's democratic peace theory
-pure democracy is tyranny
-which is why we have 'republicanism' rather than pure democracy
-democracy with the restraint of a constitution is the way to go

Kant's three articles of perpetual peace
1) republican civic constitution
-democracy does not equal republic
-based off of representation AND separation of power
2) pacific unions are based on amity treaties
3) cosmopolitan hospitality
-you treat foreigners nicely, respect trade law


SHORT ESSAYS

1) int'l anarchy- state of war, no collective government between states, doesn't mean chaos
-unit level- order is the sum of foreign policies (child-like, not complete)
-neoRealist- Waltz- order is a combination of structure and society (not only policies but also governmental structure)

2) hobbes- state of -opinion