IP NOTES 10/11

#10 Second Anarchy
Typology of Orders
Anarchy + VI yields STRUCTURE (Hierarchy, probably)
Anarchy & Order
A-I & Anarchy Problematique
A-I = anarchy-interdependence
now we're looking at the 2nd anarchy (state of war, not state of nature)
-we assume a system-level anarchy
Anarchy- NOT CHAOS, necessarily, only ABSENCE OF GOVT
where does order come from?
Anarchy: Sources of Order
where does it come from?
1) comes from the unit-level
-order is basically the sum of the foreign policies of states (this is the naive view, too simple)
2) material strategy
-order arises from the interaction of anarchy and material content
3) strategy + society
4) constructivist argument- entirety societal
Hobbes
tommy hobbes. dear christ. (1651)
State of Nature- nasty, brutish, and most importantly SHORT
State of War- nasty, brutish, but not short (yay!)
you have to move from one to the other, because you die otherwise
Locke
wrote 2 treatises of government
philosopher of the 'glorious revolution'
1) state of nature HAS SOCIETY
-doesnt believe that humans can just wander around in anarchy, society forms
2) the sovereignty does NOT reside in the heirarchical apex, but in society as a whole
-the king is no longer the sovereign, the people are
-society creates government in order to police behavior of the people
3) absolute sovereignty is a threat
4) SoW anarchies will be pacifist if LEGITIMATE
Structural Realism/NeoRealism
From Realism to NeoRealism
done by WALTZ
neorealism is different from realism
-claims to be science
-drops ethics and ethical judgement
-there is a system-level logic
-this is the 3rd human nature- STRUCTURAL
-not 1st, human nature, or 2nd, unit
Waltz basically just edits the arguments of Hobbes and Rousseau, and gets this sophisticated, modern argument
since waltz published, neorealism basically wins out, its the 600 pound gorilla in philosophical thought today
separates the domestic and the international like never before
Structure and Ordering Principles (3)

	Domestic	International
Ordering Principle	Heirarchical authority	Anarchical
Functional Differentiation	occurs, things differentiate	doesn't occur, every state tries to do everything
Power -> Outcome relation	very attenuated, because LAW APPLIES EQUALLY	very direct, because int'l law DOESNT MATTER

Consequences of Anarchy
Self Help and National Interest
When states look after their security, they ultimately have to rely on themselves
-there's no international 911
-there's a state interest in security
States should follow their national interests
-in order- Security, Power, Wealth
-the argument isnt that states DO follow their national interests, but that they SHOULD
-if they don't, then they suffer the consequences
Balancing
foreign policy of states takes the character of balancing the threats to their national interest
Unit Type Irrelevant
the unit matter SHOULD NOT matter
realist interpretation is that as long as the state is willing to be our ally, we don't care how they're structured internally
recent american tendency is to go in and change the unit type, realist think that this is BAAAAAAAD
the enemy of our enemy is our friend, no matter
Relative > Absolute Gains
absolute gains mean pretty much absolutely nothing
even if you gain more absolutely, if you gain LESS than your neighbor, you've lost out
why does this matter? because it's a self-help system!
-they have to be concerned that even if the other state is nice today, it might invade them tomorrow
Avoid/Fear Econ Interdependence
different states have comparative advantages in selling goods, they would usually trade to mutual benefits
this is bad, because your state security is in the hands of some other actors
THIS IS A PROBLEM
you see this now, US attempts to reach energy interdependence, and saudi arabia attempts to grow grain
Cheating (Stag Hunt)

Securtiy Dilemma

Polarity & War Proneness

Like Units: Emulation & Socialization