IP NOTES 11/7

#17 Liberalism (I): Republics and Security

I Introduction
Realism, Liberalism, and Republicanism
Realism and Liberalism are both ideas that come from republicanism
Republicanism -> realism
-main ideas
-Anarchy
-balance of power
-society of states
Republicanism -> Liberalism
-main ideas
-defense politics
-commercial peace
-various ideas of unions
Main Questions
Liberalism is an alternative to the hierarchical movement away from anarchy, towards negarchy
-proto-USA is the prime example of a state NOT BOUND by the westphalian model, but by liberal tenets, or something like that

there are differences in kind and differences in degree between polities

II Polis Republicanism
Polis Militarism

Iron Law (I): Smallness
found the lecture! yes!
First "Iron Law"-> polis had to be small, meant military weakness
-tended to depend on various geographic features
-the basic conclusion was that these sort of polities would be rare
-another conclusion- the entire societies would have to be incredibly military-oriented, just to survive (mil virtu)
-fear of commerce
-the polities end up being ILLIBERAL, much less individual rights
-they have to be militaristic and imperialistic just to survive
SOLVING THE SECURITY DILEMMA BREAKS THE FIRST IRON LAW, yields huge polities, etc
Iron Law (II): Expansion
Roman model- security through expansion, also results in the end of political liberty
-as size grows, socioeconomic stratification increases, class conflict increases
-rich get richer, poor get poorer, ends in repression, lack of individual rights, monarchical systems
-expansion gives much much more power to the armies, ends in monarchy
-iron law 2 fucks you over as well

III Early Modern Republicanism
Venice, Holland, Britain are all ANOMALIES
-they have 'virtu ex machina
-having capital and technology means that you DONT NEED TO MILITARIZE YOUR PEOPLE, can focus on commerce, etc
-commerce goes way way up, allows for much much more liberalism
-wealth gets translated into military capability, permits military 'virtu' WITHOUT the associated costs of popular military virtu
Maritime Whiggery
he skipped it?
Constitutionalism and Representation
originally, sizes of polities were limited by the boundaries of direct representation
-once representation was developed, much larger polities are now possible
Enlightenment Repulicanism
Montesque, publius
Kant and Smith are two other scholars of excellence of enlightenment republicanism

IV The Philadelphian System
Four Security Threats
fourfold security threat
Internal and External Hierarchy and Anarchy
Internal- H= Despotism A= Civil War
External- H= Empire A= War

Republican Negarchy
Negarchy- MUTUAL RESTRAINT
-alternative to BOTH anarchy and hierarchy
-characteristics of republics and states unions- NEGARCHIC
Extended Popular Sovereign
Sovereignty- the Ultimate undivided source of legitimate authority
authority- exercise of legitimate power
westphalian sovereignty- autonomy of polity
problem- sovereignty is spread out over the American polity
-solution- DELEGATE SOVEREIGNTY, but make sure that there's no usurpation
-you delegate sovereignty to different organs in such a manner so that they don't coalesce into despotism
-this is essentially checks and balances
-power restraints!!
-ultimate restraint- right of revolt
Cobinding and States Union
how the hell do we get cobinding from the thirteen different states?
why leave anarchy?
-the founders believed that if they stayed in an anarchic system of 13 states, conflict would lead to hierarchy
-the thirteen republics would eventually cease to be republics
-huge problem here
-essentially they replicated their internal republican workings on a larger scale
-they created a 'states union'- negarchy
-this is opposed to a 'state system' in europe, anarchy
Arms Control
founders were EXTREMELY CAREFUL to retain a republican system of arms control
who controls the arms ultimately controls the polity
-they wanted to keep the standing army as small and powerless as possible
-warmaking was another outlet for arms control, left in the hands of the elected legislature
-militia- states armies
-ARMED PEOPLE was the final, biggest check on forced hierarchy
Domesticated Balance of Power
the balance of power here is muffled, rather than thrown away altogether

V Phil in Westphalian
Hiding, Balancing, and Co-binding
essentially, the US is insufficiently socialized, not enough internal hierarchy

Geopolitics of H, B, and CoB
security evaluation
Hierarchy- H (NO) B (YES) CoB (NO)
Republicanism - H(YES) B (NO) CoB (YES)

Logic of US Foreign Policy
the US is essentially forced out of isolationism
-no more hiding allowed anymore
-'make the world safe for democracy'
-they try to transmute anarchy to negarchy AND hierarchy to negarchy
-system-level anarchy goes to negarchy
-unit-level hierarchy goes to negarchy
again, why do we do this?
-we value our limited government constitutionalism, and if we stay in anarchy or the way things are, we LOSE OUR OWN DEMOCRACY
-we're forced towards hierarchy

CoB and Relative Absolute Gains
as violence interdependence increases, absolute losses become VERY HIGH
-IE total war
answer- COBINDING and MUTUAL RESTRAINT (negarchy YAY!)